python gui tkinter用法杂记
1.treeview 遍历
iids = tree.selection() t = tree.get_children() for i in t: print(tree.item(i,'values'))
2. 如何将 ttk treeview 的某一行转入编辑状态
事实上,(python 3)treeview 有一个 readonly 属性。但我用的是 python 2。
解决方案:在双击 treeview 时根据鼠标的位置定位单元格,然后在此单元格里面贴入一个 Entry 控件即可。
def on_detail_bom_line_db_click(self, event): ''' Executed, when a row is double-clicked. Opens read-only EntryPopup above the item's column, so it is possible to select text '''rowid = self.bom_lines.identify_row(event.y) column = self.bom_lines.identify_column(event.x)<span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)">#</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)"> close previous popups</span> <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">if</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)"> self.entryPopup: self.entryPopup.destroy() </span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)">#</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)"> what row and column was clicked on</span>
</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)">#</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)"> clicked row parent id</span> parent =<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)"> self.bom_lines.parent(rowid) </span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)">#</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)">print 'parent:'+parent</span> <span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)">#</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)"> do nothing if item is top-level</span> <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">if</span> parent == <span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">''</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)">: </span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">pass</span> <span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)">#</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)"> get column position info</span> x,y,width,height =<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)"> self.bom_lines.bbox(rowid, column) </span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)">#</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)"> y-axis offset</span> pady = height // 2 <span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)">#</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)"> place Entry popup properly</span> url = self.bom_lines.item(rowid, <span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">text</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)">) self.entryPopup </span>= StickyEntry(self.bom_lines, url, width=12<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)">) self.entryPopup.place( x</span>=x, y=y+pady, anchor=W)</pre>
扩展了 Entry,添加了一点点行为:
class StickyEntry(Entry):apply(Entry.__init__, (self, parent), kw)</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">def</span> <span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 128, 1)">__init__</span>(self, parent, text, **<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)">kw): </span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'''</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)"> If relwidth is set, then width is ignored </span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'''</span> <span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)">#</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)">fa = super(self,StickyEntry)</span> <span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)">#</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)">fa.__init__(parent, **kw)</span>
self['readonlybackground'] = 'white'self.insert(0, text) </span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)">#</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)">self['state'] = 'readonly'</span>
self[</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">selectbackground</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span>] = <span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">#1BA1E2</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)"> self[</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">exportselection</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span>] =<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)"> False self.focus_force() self.bind(</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">"</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)"><Control-a></span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">"</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)">, self.selectAll) self.bind(</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">"</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)"><Escape></span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">"</span>, <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">lambda</span> *<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)">ignore: self.destroy()) </span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">def</span> selectAll(self, *<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)">ignore): </span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'''</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)"> Set selection on the whole text </span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'''</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)"> self.selection_range(0, </span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">end</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)">) </span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)">#</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)"> returns 'break' to interrupt default key-bindings</span> <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">return</span> <span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">break</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span></pre>
3. treeview 的 heigth 属性咋回事?
比如设置为 60(pixels),结果抛出屏幕很多。 原因是这个是行数!!!
4. Entry 的 width 似乎也不是像素为单位的!
随便设置一个数字,比如 20,能有 200pixel 或者更多的效果。
经过验证,似乎是数字字符的个数(比如 20,就刚好能放 20 个数字字符!)
具体以什么字符为基准未知!
5. 如何给 ttk treeview 设置竖直滚动条?
添加一个 Srollbar 控件,并将其 set 函数丢给 treeview 的 yscrollcommand 进行绑定。
注意布局,Scrollbar 控件最好紧挨着 treeview,并且在右边。
vbar = ttk.ScrollBar(container, orient=VERTICAL, command = your_treeview.yview)
your_treeview.configure(yscrollcomand=vbar.set)
your_treeview.grid(row=0)
vbar.grid(row=0, column=1,sticky=NS)
6. 如何将 ttk treeview 中的内容清空?
调用其 delete 方法,如下:
items = your_treeview.get_children()
[your_treeview.delete(item) for item in items]
7. 如何得到 ttk treeview 被双击的单元格的值?
获取单元格的值,使用 treeview 的 get 函数即可,参数 (row, column) , row-- iid , column - index of column (started with '#')
理论上讲,只通过控件是无解的。通过自己定义坐标边界的方式来解决,即给每一列定义宽度(像素单位)。event.x/y 能够取到坐标。在分析此坐标落在哪一列的坐标范围内即可分析出。
def get_cell_value(self, event, tree=None, col_widths=None):</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">"""</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)"> 获取ttk treeview某一个单元格的值(在鼠标事件中) :param event: :param tree: :param col_widths: :return: </span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">"""</span> <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">if</span> <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">not</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)"> tree: tree </span>=<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)"> self.bom_lines </span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">if</span> <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">not</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)"> col_widths: col_widths</span>=<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)">self.form_bom_line_widths </span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">if</span> <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">not</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)"> isinstance(event,Event): </span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">raise</span> Exception(<span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">"</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">event must type of Tkinter.Event</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">"</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)">) x</span>=<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)"> event.x y</span>=<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)"> event.y row </span>=<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)"> tree.identify_row(y) vals </span>= tree.item(row, <span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">values</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)">) index </span>= -1 <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">for</span> i <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">in</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)"> range(len(col_widths)): </span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">if</span> x>=<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)">0: x</span>-=<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)">col_widths[i] </span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">else</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)">: index</span>=i-1 <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">break</span> <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">if</span> index!=-1<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)">: </span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">return</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)"> vals[index] </span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">return</span> False</pre>
后记:实际上是本人疏忽,有一个 identify_column 的函数可以用来根据 x 的值定位具体的列。因此上述代码属于重复造轮子。
your_treeview.identify_column(event.x)
8. 如何设置 ttk treeview 中某一个单元格的值?
跟上面一样,通过 event.x 的所在区间得到列的 index,然后调用 treeview 的set 方法即可。代码如下:
def set_cell_value(self, event, value, tree=None, col_widths=None):</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">"""</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)"> 设置ttk treeview某一个单元格的值(在鼠标事件中) :param event: :param value:要设置的值 :param tree: :param col_widths: :return: </span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">"""</span> <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">if</span> <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">not</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)"> tree: tree </span>=<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)"> self.bom_lines </span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">if</span> <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">not</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)"> col_widths: col_widths</span>=<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)">self.form_bom_line_widths </span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">if</span> <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">not</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)"> isinstance(event,Event): </span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">raise</span> Exception(<span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">"</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">event must type of Tkinter.Event</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">"</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)">) x</span>=<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)"> event.x y</span>=<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)"> event.y row </span>=<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)"> tree.identify_row(y) index </span>= -1 <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">for</span> i <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">in</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)"> range(len(col_widths)): </span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">if</span> x>=<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)">0: x</span>-=<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)">col_widths[i] </span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">else</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)">: index</span>=i-1 <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">break</span> <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">if</span> index!=-1<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)">: tree.set(row,column</span>=index,value=<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)">value) </span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">return</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)"> True </span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">return</span> False</pre>
9. Entry 如何设置选中文本的背景色?
比如设置为红色(警示作用)
#choice 1:Entry 的子类的 __init__ 方法中 self['selectbackground']='red'#choice 2:Entry 实例 ent
ent.config(selectbackground='red')
10. ttk treeview 的样式设定
奇数行背景浅蓝色。有一个问题,就是选中了奇数行后,其背景色不变!暂时未破解。
def brush_treeview(self, tv):items = tv.get_children()</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">"""</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)"> 改变treeview样式 :param tv: :return: </span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">"""</span> <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">if</span> <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">not</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)"> isinstance(tv, ttk.Treeview): </span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">raise</span> Exception(<span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">"</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">argument tv of method bursh_treeview must be instance of ttk.TreeView</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">"</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)">) </span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)">#</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)">=============给bom_lines设置样式=====</span>
</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">for</span> i <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">in</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)"> range(len(items)): </span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">if</span> i%2==1<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)">: tv.item(items[i], tags</span>=(<span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">oddrow</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)">)) tv.tag_configure(</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">oddrow</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span>, background=<span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">#eeeeff</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span>)</pre>
TAG OPTIONS
- -foreground
- -background
- -font
- -image
11. 如何通过鼠标的滚轮控制 scrollbar 的滚动?
默认情况下,是没有这种关联的。
似乎 tk 框架中没法处理。此问题先放着。
12. 如何绑定数据到下拉框,并能够进行数据的模糊搜索定位?
可以使用 ttk 的 Combobox, 对其进行事件绑定(比如 Return 事件),demo 如下:
self.cb_product_id.bind('<Return>', self.on_search_product_id)
实际处理:
def on_search_product_id(self,event):product_no </span>=<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)"> self.cb_product_id.get() res </span>= self.bom.product_search(condition=<span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">"</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">name_template ilike '%%</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">"</span>+product_no+<span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">"</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">%%' </span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">"</span>, limit=20<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)"> ) self.cb_product_id[</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">values</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span>]=[x[1] <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">for</span> x <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">in</span> res]</pre>
有一个问题就是,这个 values 只有 text,通常 web 的 selection 都会有 (value,text) 这样的组合,这里有些小不足。弥补的方法就是继承 Combobox,如下:
class NewCBox(ttk.Combobox):</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">def</span> <span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 128, 1)">__init__</span>(self, master, dictionary={}, *args, **<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)">kw): ttk.Combobox.</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 128, 1)">__init__</span>(self, master, values = sorted(list(dictionary.keys())), *args, **<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)">kw) self.dictionary </span>=<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)"> dictionary self.bind(</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)"><<ComboboxSelected>></span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span>, self.selected) <span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)">#</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)">purely for testing purposes</span> <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">def</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)"> set_dict(self, dictionary): self.dictionary</span>=<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)">dictionary self[</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">values</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span>]=<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)"> sorted(list(dictionary.keys())) </span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">def</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)"> value(self): </span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">return</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)"> self.dictionary[self.get()] </span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">def</span> selected(self, event): <span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)">#</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)">Just to test</span> <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">print</span>(self.value())</pre>
13. 如何用代码打开 Combobox 的列表?
demo 代码,引用自这里。原理:直接丢事件,使用event_generate 函数。
from Tkinter import *import ttk
root = Tk()
c = ttk.Combobox(root)
c.pack()
c['values'] = ['1','2','3']
def dropdown():
c.event_generate(</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)"><Button-1></span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)">)
b = Button(root, text='test', command=dropdown)
b.pack()
root.mainloop()
14. 如何将两个长度相同的 list 用一句代码合成一个 dict?
my_dict = dict(list(zip(list1,list2)))
其中 list1 将作为 key,list2 将作为 value
即使用 zip 压缩为元组 (key,value),然后用 dict 生成字典。
15. 如何实现 Combobox 的 onchange 事件的处理?
通过 <<ComboboxSelected>> 事件来处理,如下代码:
your_combobox.bind('<<ComboboxSelected>>',your_select)def your_select(event):
</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">pass</span></pre>
16. 如何设置 Combobox 的默认选项?
使用 Combobox 的 current 函数即可,如下:
default_index=0
your_combobox.current(default_index)
17. 如何通过代码选中 Combobox 中输入的所有文本,通过 Control + A 键组合。
entry 可以通过 selection_range(0, 'end') 实现。combobox 是没有这个操作支持的。只能够曲线救国了。
通过选择对应的选项来实现。尝试以下代码无果而终。此问题先放着。
my_combobox.bind('<Control-a>', select_all_input)def select_all_input(self,event):
</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">print</span> <span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">Ctrl+A</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)"> text </span>=<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)"> self.get() vals </span>= self.cget(<span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">values</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)">) </span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">for</span> i <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">in</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)"> range(len(vals)): </span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">if</span> vals[i]==<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)">text: self.current(i)</span></pre>
18. 默认全部展开 ttk treeview 的节点,该如何实现?
treeview.item("Main", open=False)
即直接修改每个 item 的 open 选项。通过 treeview.tv.event_generate("<<TreeviewOpen>>") 是没有作用的。
def expand_tree(self, tv, root_id):iids </span>=<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)"> tv.get_children(root_id) </span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">for</span> iid <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">in</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)"> iids: tv.item(iid,open</span>=<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)">True) self.expand_tree(tv, iid)</span></pre>
19. 如何实现其他键盘事件?
ctrl+f/g 等等。直接绑定就好,语法如下:
<Control-key> , 其中 key 就是相应的字符。例如 ctrl+f 的绑定如下:
your_treeview.bind('<Control-f>', find_something)
20. 如何实现弹出式的输入框?
没有现成的控件,做一个就好了。以下是一个搜索框:
class PopupEntry:</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">def</span> <span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 128, 1)">__init__</span>(self, parent=None,default_value=<span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">''</span>, callback=<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)">None): self.callback </span>=<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)"> callback self.top </span>=<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)"> Toplevel(parent) Label(self.top, text</span>=<span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">"</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">请输入:</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">"</span>).grid(row=<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)">0) self.e </span>=<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)"> Entry(self.top) self.e.grid(row</span>=0,column=1<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)">) Button(self.top, text</span>=<span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">"</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">确定</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">"</span>, command=self.ok).grid(row=1<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)">) Button(self.top, text</span>=<span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">"</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">取消</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">"</span>, command=self.top.destroy).grid(row=1,column=1<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)">) self.</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 128, 1)">__set</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)">(default_value) self.e.bind(</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)"><Double-1></span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span>, <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">lambda</span> *<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)">args:self.e.delete(0,END)) self.e.bind(</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)"><Return></span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)">, self.on_return) self.top.maxsize(</span>200,60<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)">) self.top.resizable(False,False) self.top.title(</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">搜索</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)">) </span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">def</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)"> on_return(self,event): self.ok() </span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">def</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)"> ok(self): </span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)">#</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)">print "value is", self.e.get()</span> <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">if</span> self.callback <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">and</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)"> callable(self.callback): self.callback(self.e.get()) self.top.destroy()</span></pre>
关于窗口的细节控制,发现了一个不错的资源。这里。
21. 弹出的 TopLevel 窗口如何设置焦点?
这里有解答。即调用grab_set。 不过这个方案貌似在 win7 下面不起作用。
解决方案:TopLevel 里面的控件调用 focus 方法。比如,输入框
your_entry.focus()
22. 如何选中 ttk treeview 的多行数据?
tree_view.selection_set(items)
注意,items 是 iids,即以 I 开头的行的 id 编码的元组。
23. 如何设置右键菜单?
context_menu = Menu(self.tv, tearoff=0)
context_menu.add_command(label="复制", command=copy_handler)
some_widget.bind('<3>', show_context_menu)
def show_context_menu(event):
context_menu.post(event.x_root,event.y_root)
def copy_handler():
</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">pass</span></pre>
24. 如何用 python 操作剪贴板?
https://pypi.python.org/pypi/clipboard/
import clipboardclipboard.copy("abc") # now the clipboard content will be string "abc"
text = clipboard.paste() # text will have the content of clipboard
需要安装额外的包,原生貌似不支持。
在 windows 上还有一个方法,参考这里。在我的机器上会报错。暂时不折腾,避免安装多余的包。
25. 如何改变 Label 的值?
your_label['text']='new value'# or your_label.configure(text='new value')
26. 如何定位到 ttk treeview 的某行?
使用 treeview 的 yview_moveto 函数,yview_moveto(fraction)
fraction ,float 类型, [0~1.0]。例如定位到最后一行,如下:
your_Treeview.yview_moveto(1.0)
27. 如何在右键菜单中添加分隔符?
your_menu.add_seperator()
28. 如何设置 checkbutton 的 checked 属性?
要设置 variable 属性,那么窗体类中需要记录这个属性。如果有多个 checkbox,那么必须有多个类变量类记录他们。
这样很不 pythonic。好吧,把它扩展下,如下:
class NewCBtn(Checkbutton):</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">def</span> <span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 128, 1)">__init__</span>(self, master,*args, **<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)">kw): self.value </span>=<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)"> IntVar() </span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">if</span> <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">not</span> kw:kw={<span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">variable</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)">:self.value} </span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">else</span>:kw.update({<span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">variable</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)">:self.value}) Checkbutton.</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 128, 1)">__init__</span>(self,master,*args,**<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)">kw) </span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">def</span> checked(self,value=<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)">None): </span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">if</span> value <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">is</span> <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">not</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)"> None: self.value.set(value </span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">and</span> 1 <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">or</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)"> 0) </span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">return</span> self.value.get()</pre>
29. 如何删除 Text 中的文本?
很诡秘的写法:
your_text.delete("1.0",END)
而 Entry 中如此删除:
your_entry.delete(0,END)
所以 Text 的删除有点火星人的作风。
29. 为何以下逻辑进入第一个分支?
from Tkinter import *root = Tk()
b = Combobox(root)
if isinstance(ctrl,Entry):
</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">print</span> <span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">"</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">Entry</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">"</span>
elif isinstance(ctrl,Combobox):
</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">print</span> <span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">"</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">Combobox</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">"</span>
else:
</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">print</span> unkown</pre>
因为 Combobox 是 Entry 的子类。所以对于有继承关系的判断分支,孙子应该放在最前面,防止被父亲或者祖父给短路了。
30. tk 中图像的处理?
常规方法是用 Label, 设置其 image 属性。由于涉及到了变量(图片)的生命周期问题,因而把它封装为一个类,如下:
class NewImage(Label):</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">def</span> <span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 128, 1)">__init__</span>(self, master=None,image_path=r<span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">nullImage.png</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span>, cnf={}, **<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)">kw): image </span>=<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)"> Image.open(image_path) self.default_image </span>=<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)"> ImageTk.PhotoImage(image) self.current_image </span>=<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)"> self.default_image Label.</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 128, 1)">__init__</span>(self, image=self.current_image, master=master, cnf=cnf,**<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)">kw) </span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">def</span> Image(self,base64_source=None,encoding=<span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">base64</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)">): </span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">if</span> <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">not</span> base64_source <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">is</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)"> None: </span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">if</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)"> base64_source: base64_source </span>= resize_img(base64_source,size=(100,100<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)">)) image_stream </span>=<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)"> io.BytesIO(base64_source.decode(encoding)) image </span>=<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)"> Image.open(image_stream) self.current_image </span>=<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)">ImageTk.PhotoImage(image) self[</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">image</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span>]=<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)">self.current_image </span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">else</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)">: self[</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">image</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span>]=<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)">self.default_image </span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">return</span> self[<span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">image</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span>]</pre>
31. 如何禁止窗口最大化?
对于窗体来说,有一个 resizable 方法,接受两个参数 (x_resizable,y_resizable),分别表示横向和纵向是否可以拉伸。
32. 如何设置 Label 的字体颜色?
foreground -- fg (字体颜色, 前景色)
background -- bg(底色,背景色)
例如设置蓝色,如下:
Label(text='your_label', fg='blue').pack()
33. 如何设置 Label 的字体?
import tkFont...
ft1 = tkFont.Font(family = 'Fixdsys',size = 10,weight = tkFont.BOLD)
Label(f, text=u'产品编号 (*)', fg='blue', font=ft1).grid(row=1,column=1, sticky=W)
Fixdsys 表示系统字体
34. 如何获取控件相对于屏幕的坐标?
ctrl.winfo_rootx()/winfo_rooty()
例如,entry
my_entry.winfo_rootx()
得到的就是 my_entry 这个输入框的左上角的 x 坐标(相对于屏幕)
相对于父容器,则用
ctrl.winfo_x()/winfo_y()
35. 如何隐藏窗口的标题栏?
只对 Toplevel 有效,使用其 overrideredirect 方法。
demo 代码:
from Tkinter import *root = Tk()
top = Toplevel(root)
top.overrideredirect(True)
root.mainloop()
36. ttk treeview 如何隐藏几列?如何设置隐藏的列的值?如何设置显示的列的值?
隐藏:
在构造函数里面有一个参数 displaycolumns=['c1','c2',...,'cn'],设置显示的列。 columns=['c1','c2',...,'cm'] 设置所有的列 (m>n)。
那么 n+1 ~ m 都是隐藏的列。
设置隐藏列的值:
没有直接的函数,只能通过 treeview.item(iid, values=new_value_list) 来设置所有列的值(包括隐藏列)
设置显示列的值:
有一个 set 函数, treeview.set(row,column,value)
37. ttk treeview 如何隐藏第一列?
构造函数里面的选项 show=['headings'] 即可。
38. 如何隐藏指定行?
暂时无解。
39. 如何得到 treeview 中被选中的行?
通过 selection 方法而不是 selection_get 方法,即:
your_treeview.selection()
这样得到的是一个 iid 的 list。
40. treeview.delete?
删除多个元素时以下写法会报错,莫名其妙
iids = your_treeview.selection()
your_treeview.delete(iids)
错误信息,iids 中的 item 无法找到,而只能按照上述记录6的方式进行。
41. 如何用模拟 treeview 的单击事件?
比如单击某一行。
your_treeview.event_generate('<1>',x=1,y=1)
x=1,y=1 为鼠标单击的坐标,根据具体情况而定。event_generate 的 **kw 参数可以接受以下值:
-when, -above, -borderwidth, -button, -count, -data, -delta, -detail, -focus, -height, -keycode, -keysym, -mode, -override, -place, -root, -rootx, -rooty, -sendevent, -serial, -state, -subwindow, -time, -warp, -width, -window, -x, or -y
42. 如何中断事件链?
比如 treeview 的 <1> 时间后,紧接着是 <<TreeviewSelected>>。
Combobox 的键盘事件后,还有其他事件阻止 Ctrl-A 实现全选的效果。
执行到一个事件,同时不需要再执行后面的事件,可以返回 'break' 进行中断,如下:
def some_event(self,event):</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)">#</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)">do something</span> <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">return</span> <span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">break</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span></pre>
43. 如何 disable 右键菜单里面的某个命令?
使用 mehu 的 entryconfigure 方法,demo 如下:
from Tkinter import *root = Tk()
#panel = Frame(root)
#panel.pack()
m = Menu(root,tearoff=0)m.add_command(label='test1')
m.add_command(label='test2')
def context_menu(event):
m.post(event.x,event.y)
root.geometry("400x400+0+0")
root.bind('<3>',context_menu)
m.entryconfigure(1,state='disabled')
root.mainloop()
44. 如何遍历 Menu 的菜单项?
暂时无解。
45. 如何打开一个选择文件对话框?
详细资料参考这里。主要使用 tkFileDialog 模块的 askopenfilename 方法。demo 如下:
# -*- coding: CP936 -*-from Tkinter import *
from tkFileDialog import *
root = Tk()
filename=askopenfilename(parent = root)
print filename
root.mainloop()